Which one is harder, brass or copper?

Which one is harder, brass or copper?

 

    Copper has good electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and ductility. It is widely used in cables and electrical and electronic components. Because of its low melting point, it is easy to remelt and re-smelt. It is also a relatively environmentally friendly material. Among them, brass and red copper are widely used. Many companies do not know which brass or red copper has high hardness, which leads to errors in the production. The following technicians will introduce to you which hardness of brass parts or red copper is high?

 

brass

 

  What is copper?

 

  Purple copper is named for its purple-red color. It is a relatively pure copper. It is not necessarily pure copper. Generally, it can be approximated as pure copper. It has good electrical conductivity and plasticity, but its strength and hardness are worse.

 

  What is brass? 

 

Brass is an alloy composed of copper and zinc. Brass composed of copper and zinc is called ordinary brass. If it is a variety of alloys composed of more than two elements, it is called special brass. Brass is Copper-zinc alloy has excellent plasticity, high strength and good corrosion resistance.

 

  Which is harder, brass or copper?

 

  1. The general feature of metal materials is that the hardness of pure metal is lower than that of its alloy, which has high hardness and low melting point. Oxygen-free copper and red copper parts are both pure copper, but the purity is different. The purity of oxygen-free copper is higher, and the purity of red copper can also reach 99.9%~99.99% (different grades have some differences). Red copper contains very few impurities, so there is no Oxygen copper has high purity, soft, red copper is slightly hard (close to oxygen-free copper), and brass is hard.

 

2. There is another feature of copper material. The hardness will become soft after heat treatment, and it will become hard after cold working (cold work hardening). Due to the influence of the hardness, composition, brand and impurities of non-ferrous metals and alloys, it is also affected by the state, crystal The lattice structure has a lot to do with it, so there are generally few specific hardness data, which can only be described qualitatively.

 

3. What is the hardness of red copper? Red copper has a density (7.83g/cm3), a melting point of 1083 degrees, and a copper content of 99.9%. It is non-magnetic. It has good electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance, and the copper is purple due to Named for the red color. The electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity of copper is second only to silver, and it is widely used in the production of electrical and thermal conductivity equipment. Copper is used in the atmosphere, seawater, and some non-oxidizing acids, alkalis, salt solutions and various organic acids. , Has good corrosion resistance, used in the chemical industry.

 

4. The density of brass (8.93g/cm3) is used for mechanical bearing lining, wear-resistant, brass "density is greater than copper" copper-based alloy with zinc as the main alloying element, copper is about 60%; zinc is about 40% ; Individual grades contain about 1% of lead, which is impurity. Named because it is often present, brass is beautiful in color, has good craftsmanship and mechanical properties, has a certain degree of corrosion resistance, and has lower electrical conductivity than copper.

 

Which one of brass or copper has higher hardness, I believe everyone will understand from the above introduction. When manufacturing wires and cables, of course, red copper is more preferable. Its conductive resistance is small, and it is more suitable for conductors. The hardness is less than brass, making the wires and cables more flexible. It is easier to operate during use, and at the same time there are fewer impurities, which increases the conductivity of copper.

 

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The configuration method of the spindle bearing of the CNC machining machine tool

The configuration method of the spindle bearing of the CNC machining machine tool

 

Generally, the spindle components of medium and small CNC machining machine tools mostly use rolling bearings (bearing) as the spindle support. At present, there are mainly the following three deployment methods:

 

1. The front support adopts double row short cylindrical rollers

 

Bearing and 60. In the numerical control processing, the control system issues instructions to make the tool perform various motions that meet the requirements, and the shape and size of the workpiece are expressed in the form of numbers and letters, and the processing required by the manufacturing technology. It generally refers to the process of processing parts on CNC machine tools. In order to improve the degree of production automation, shorten the programming time and reduce the cost of CNC machining, a series of advanced CNC machining technologies have been developed and used in the aerospace industry. Angular contact double row radial thrust ball bearing combination, the rear support adopts radial thrust ball bearing. This configuration (deploy) method greatly improves the comprehensive rigidity of the spindle, which can meet the requirements of powerful cutting, and is widely used in the spindle of various CNC machine tools (attributes: automated machine tools). The rear bearing of this configuration can also adopt a cylindrical roller bearing to further improve the radial rigidity of the rear support.

 

2. The front support adopts high-precision (precision) double row direction

 

Heart thrust ball bearings (bearing). In the numerical control processing, the control system issues instructions to make the tool perform various motions that meet the requirements, and the shape and size of the workpiece are expressed in the form of numbers and letters, and the processing required by the processing technology. It generally refers to the process of casting alloy parts on CNC machine tools. In order to improve the degree of production automation, shorten the programming time and reduce the cost of CNC machining, a series of advanced CNC machining technologies have been developed and used in the aerospace industry. ?Numerical control machine tool (attribute: automated machine tool) spindle bearing configuration (deploy)? Centripetal thrust ball bearing has good high-speed performance, the maximum speed of the spindle can reach 4000r/min, but its load capacity is small, only suitable for high-speed, light load And precision (precise) CNC machine tool spindle. In order to improve the rigidity of the main shaft in this deployment mode, the front support can be combined with four or more bearings, and the rear support can be combined with two bearings.

 

3. The front and rear bearings (bearing) adopt double-row and single-row tapered roller bearings. This type of bearing can withstand large radial and axial forces, so that the spindle can withstand heavy loads, especially strong dynamic loads, with good rigidity, and installation and Good debugging performance. CNC machining General CNC machining usually refers to computer digital control precision machining, CNC machining lathe, CNC machining milling machine, CNC machining boring and milling machine, etc. The feed route of finishing is basically carried out along the part contour sequence. Therefore, the focus of determining the feed route is to determine the feed route of rough machining and idle stroke. However, this configuration (deploy) limits the maximum speed and accuracy (precision) of the spindle, and is only suitable for the spindles of medium-precision, low-speed and heavy-duty CNC machine tools (attributes: automated machine tools).

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Selection of Surface Machining Methods for Inner Hole of CNC Lathe Machined Parts

Selection of Surface Machining Methods for Inner Hole of CNC Lathe Machined Parts

 

There are many methods for surface processing of inner holes of CNC lathes. Commonly used are drilling, reaming, reaming, boring, turning, grinding, drawing, grinding, honing, and rolling holes.

 

Applicable method for inner hole machining of CNC lathe machined parts:

 

1. Drilling:

Drilling holes in the solid part of the workpiece with a drill is called drilling. CNC cutting is a process method for parts processing on CNC machine tools. The process regulations of CNC machine tool processing and traditional machine tool processing are generally the same, but significant changes have also taken place. A machining method that uses digital information to control the displacement of parts and tools. It is an effective way to solve the problems of variable parts, small batches, complex shapes, and high precision, and to achieve high-efficiency and automated processing. The drilling is rough swiss machining, and the dimensional tolerance level that can be reached is IT13~IT11, and the surface roughness value is Ra50~12.5μm. Is it due to the long length of the twist drill, the small core diameter and poor rigidity, as well as the influence of the chisel edge.

 

2. Reaming:

Reaming is a finishing method for holes on the basis of semi-finishing (reaming or semi-finishing boring). In the numerical control processing, the control system issues instructions to make the tool perform various motions that meet the requirements, and the shape and size of the workpiece are expressed in the form of numbers and letters, and the processing required by the processing technology. It generally refers to the process of processing parts on CNC machine tools. In order to improve the degree of production automation, shorten the programming time and reduce the cost of CNC machining, a series of advanced CNC drilling technologies have been developed and used in the aerospace industry. The size tolerance of the reaming hole can reach IT9~IT6, and the surface roughness value can be Ra3.2~0.2μm. There are two ways of reaming: organic hinge and hand hinge. Reaming on a machine tool is called a machine hinge, and a manual reaming is called a hand hinge.

 

3. Car hole:

The turning hole on the lathe is the rotation of the workpiece and the movement of the turning tool. The aperture size can be controlled by the cutting depth of the turning tool and the number of passes, which makes the operation more convenient. In the numerical control processing, the control system issues instructions to make the tool perform various motions that meet the requirements, and the shape and size of the workpiece are expressed in the form of numbers and letters, and the processing required by the processing technology. It generally refers to the process of processing parts on CNC machine tools. In order to improve the degree of production automation, shorten the programming time and reduce the cost of CNC mill-turn, a series of advanced CNC machining technologies have been developed and used in the aerospace industry. Lathe turning holes are mostly used to process the holes of disc sleeves and small brackets.

 

4. Boring:

Boring is the further processing of holes that have been drilled, cast or forged with a boring tool. It can be carried out on a lathe, boring machine or milling machine. Boring is one of the commonly used hole processing methods, which can be divided into rough boring, semi-fine boring and fine boring. The dimensional tolerance grade of rough boring is IT13~IT12, and the surface roughness value is Ra12.5~6.3μm; the dimensional tolerance grade of semi-finish boring is IT10~IT9, and the surface roughness value is Ra6.3~3.2μm; The dimensional tolerance grade is IT8~IT7, and the surface roughness value is Ra1.6~0.8μm. here is about our partner.

 

5. Reaming:

Reaming is to use a reaming drill to further process the drilled hole to enlarge the aperture and improve the accuracy (precision) and reduce the surface roughness value. The dimensional tolerance level that can be achieved by reaming is IT11~IT10, and the surface roughness value is Ra12.5~6.3μm. It belongs to the semi-finishing method of hole processing. It is often used as pre-processing before reaming, and can also be used as precision (precision). The final machining of holes that are not high.

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What is 3d printing rapid prototyping technology

What is 3d printing rapid prototyping technology

 

  3D printing technology

 

A technique for layer-by-layer printing. By connecting a computer with a 3D printer, the drawn drawings can be printed out as a means of model. Today, this technology is used in many fields, and people use it to make clothing, architectural models, cars, chocolate desserts, and more.

 

The advantages of 3d printing technology

   3D printing is very different from traditional production through molds. The biggest advantage of 3D printing is that it can be produced without machining or any molds.

 

Generate parts of any shape directly from computer graphics data, thereby greatly shortening product development cycles, increasing productivity and reducing production costs. At the same time, 3D printing can also print some shapes that cannot be produced by traditional production technologies. At the same time, 3D printing technology can also simplify the entire production process and is fast and effective.

 

3D printing technology process principle

 

   The printing process of each layer is divided into two steps. First, a layer of special glue is sprayed on the area to be formed. The glue droplets themselves are small and difficult to spread. Then a uniform layer of powder is sprayed. The powder will quickly solidify and bond when it encounters the glue, while the areas without glue remain loose.

 

In this way, under the alternation of one layer of glue and one layer of powder, the solid model will be "printed" and formed. After printing, the model can be "planed" by sweeping away the loose powder, and the remaining powder can be recycled.

 

   Printing consumables are changed from traditional ink and paper to glue and powder. Of course, glue and powder are special materials that have been processed, which not only requires the speed of curing reaction, but also has a direct impact on model strength and "printing" resolution. The 3D printing technology can achieve 600dpi resolution, and the thickness of each layer is only 0.01 mm. Even if there are text or pictures on the surface of the model, it can be printed clearly. Restricted by the principle of jet printing, the printing speed will not be very fast. The more advanced products can achieve a vertical speed of 25 mm per hour, which is 10 times higher than that of the earlier products, and can use colored glue to achieve color printing, color depth. Up to 24 bits.

 

   Due to the high printing accuracy, the quality of the printed model is naturally good. In addition to the design that can express the shape and curve, the structure and moving parts are not a problem. If it is used to print mechanical assembly drawings, gears, bearings, tie rods, etc. can all move normally, and the morphological features such as cavities and grooves are positioned accurately, and can even meet the assembly requirements. The printed entity can also be polished, drilled, and electroplated. etc. for further processing. At the same time, powder materials are not limited to sand mold materials, but also other materials such as elastic expansion, high-performance composite, and investment casting are available.

 

Features

 

  3D printing has brought about a global manufacturing revolution. In the past, the design of components was completely dependent on the realization of the production process. The emergence of 3D printers will subvert this production idea, which makes companies no longer consider production when producing components. Process issues, any complex shape design can be realized by 3D printer.

 

   3D printing can generate objects of any shape directly from computer graphics data without machining or molds, thus greatly shortening the production cycle of products and improving productivity. Although it still needs to be perfected, the market potential of 3D printing technology is huge, and it is bound to become one of the many breakthrough technologies in the future manufacturing industry.

 

   3D printing has made these types of printers available at some electronics stores, and factories are also selling them directly. Scientists say that the use of 3D printers is still limited, but one day people will be able to 3D printers to print more practical objects.

 

   3D printing technology is critical to NASA's space exploration missions, and more than 30% of the existing spare parts of the International Space Station can be manufactured by this 3D printer. The facility will use polymers and other materials to build objects layer by layer using extrusion additive manufacturing. The 3D printing experiment is one of NASA's key research projects in the future. 3D printing parts and tools will enhance the reliability and safety of space missions, while reducing the cost of space missions because they don't have to be transported from Earth.

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Spring Design Attention And Roll Forming Method

Spring Design Attention And Roll Forming Method

The coiling characteristics and methods of springs are divided into cold coiling method and hot coiling method. Cold winding method: When the diameter of the spring wire is less than 8mm, the cold winding method is adopted. High-quality carbon spring steel wire is usually first cold drawn and then heat treated. After winding, it is generally not quenched, but only tempered at low temperature to eliminate the internal stress during winding. Hot-rolling method: Springs with larger diameter (>8mm) spring wire should use hot-rolling method. Hot rolled springs must be quenched and tempered at medium temperature.

The Design Process Of Various Springs

·         Installation space: When designing a compression spring, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of the space required for the installation of the spring, in order to effectively grasp the basic manufacturing conditions of the compression spring, including the outer diameter, inner diameter and free length.

·         Dynamic stroke load: In the design of the compression spring, the position to be activated and the required bearing capacity must be clearly understood. Determine the location of the desired elasticity, then you can determine the material, wire diameter, number of turns.

·         Environmental factors: When the spring works in different environments, it will be affected by environmental factors and affect the service life of the spring. Therefore, designers must consider changes in ambient temperature and humidity. Temperature has a great influence on the service life of the spring, and humidity is easy to oxidize the spring without surface treatment. Therefore, environmental factors can determine whether the spring needs surface treatment and material selection.

·         Spacing at both ends: The two ends of the tension spring will affect the shape of the hook and the free length of the tension spring. Space can determine the size and outer diameter of the contacts.

·         Pre-tightening force: The pre-tightening force determines the material of the spring and the diameter of the steel wire, and the size of the fastener can adjust the pre-tightening length.

·         The outer diameter of the main shaft: the inner diameter of the torsion spring can be determined according to the size of the main shaft, but the change of the spring body after torsion should be considered, and an appropriate allowance can be reserved.

·         The inner diameter of the installation space: When the torsion spring installation adopts the "in" type, the "in" type space should be considered. The space determines the outer diameter, free length and number of turns of the spring body.

·         Torsion fulcrum: The torsion spring must have a fulcrum when it works. This fulcrum can determine the length and form of the torsion bar.

·         The starting and ending points of the action: the angle position between the torsion bar and the fulcrum when no work is done can clearly define the length and form of the torsion bar and the angle between the torsion bar and the fulcrum bar.

The Spring Winding Method

·         The hot winding of the spring generally means that the spring wire diameter D must be greater than 8mm before the hot winding can be used. When the spring is rolled in a hot state, quenching and tempering must be carried out before rolling. Only then can a spring produced by hot rolling be considered a better spring.

·         The cold winding method generally refers to the cold winding method only when the diameter D of the spring steel wire is less than or equal to 8mm. In the cold state, the commonly used coil spring material is cold drawn and preheated high-quality carbon steel spring wire. After coiling, quenching is generally not performed. Only low temperature tempering can eliminate the internal stress during the coiling process.

The Winding Process Of The Spring

·         If the outer diameter of the spring is close to the free length, the specification will also cause problems. When the outer diameter approaches the free length, the spring tends to lose its directionality in the fixture, causing parts to jam and assembly equipment to shut down.

·         There are so many types in shape, size and material that it is difficult to choose the right disposal tissue from the box. The design of the spring can vary if it is not a single shaped product. In general, the allowable tolerance of the spring is slightly larger, so straightness, length, outer diameter, cleanliness, etc. should be considered more widely when feeding.

·         How to submit the spring is the key. Generally, springs are supplied in bulk and can be bagged at will. Springs are best served in a pan if possible, or in any other way that they can be served individually. We're seeing more of that in Europe.

·         There are many media supply systems available for bulk springs. They take into account the design of the spring, the difficulty of separating the spring, and the feed rate that needs to be achieved. If a fully automatic system is required, or if a spring is too difficult to separate and feed, in-line winding of the spring is a good solution, and in many cases the best solution. In-line winding of the spring eliminates all winding problems. Springs can be wound and cut as required. Only supply one spring to the operator at a time or directly to the assembly point.

·         In addition, in-line cnc machining can use resistance heating to process springs, and can also measure spring force, spring length and diameter. In this way, only qualified springs (including extension springs, special-shaped springs, torsion springs, etc.) that meet the specified tolerances can be supplied to the final assembly. Any springs that exceed the specified tolerances must be removed prior to assembly.

Link：Spring Design Attention And Roll Forming Method

REF: Carbon Steel Spring, Torsion Springs, Metal Spring Type

 

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What are the metal product processing technologies of precision sheet metal processing manufacturers

What are the metal product processing technologies of precision sheet metal processing manufacturers

 

Precision sheet metal processing manufacturers CNC bending machines, etc. to produce sheet metal products. Can go directly from drawing to product paperless production. It is suitable for flexible production of small batches and multiple varieties. The sheet metal bracket is very powerful, and many sheet metal part features need more tedious operation steps to be realized under the modeling module. Three aspects of punch automation in sheet metal automation processing are briefly discussed.

 

Casting: Refers to the metalcasting being heated and melted and then poured into the model. It is suitable for processing parts with complex appearance.

 

Casting classification of sheet metal processing plants

 

Sand casting:

The cost is low, the batch size is small, and complex shapes can be processed, but it may require a lot of post-processing steps.

Investment Casting / Lost Wax Casting: This processing method has high continuity and degree, and can also be used to produce complex shapes. Under the premise of relatively low processing cost, it can achieve a very perfect appearance, which is suitable for mass production.

Injection casting method:

For machining complex shapes with high error. Due to the characteristics of the technology itself, no post-processing is required after the product is formed. However, the advantage of low cost can only be shown in the case of mass production.​​

Die casting method:

The processing cost is high, and the cost is reasonable only in the case of mass production. But the cost of the final product is relatively low and the error is relatively high. Can be used to produce parts with thinner walls.​​

Spin casting method:

Ideal for processing small parts, generally used in jewelry making. Rubber models can be used to reduce processing costs.

Directional curing:

It can produce a very strong superalloy with anti-fatigue function and pour it into the model, and then go through a strictly controlled heating and cooling process to eliminate subtle flaws.

Plastic forming processing: refers to heating the formed metal at high temperature to reshape it, which is a labor-intensive production.

Plastic forming processing classification:

Casting:

It is one of the simple and old metal forming techniques to give metal shapes by beating and kneading under the conditions of cold working or high temperature operation. The sheet metal bracket is very powerful, and many sheet metal part features need more tedious operation steps to be realized under the modeling module.​​

Binding:

The hot metal billet is passed through a series of cylindrical rollers, which plunge the metal into the mold to obtain a predetermined shape.

Drawing wire:

The technique of drawing metal strips into filaments using a series of standard progressively smaller drawing dies.​​

Knead:

A low-cost technology for continuous machining of solid or hollow metal profiles with the same cross-sectional shape, capable of both high temperature operation and cold working. All or most of the CNC sheet metal processes use CNC equipment, such as CNC punching machines, CNC laser cutting machines, CNC bending machines, etc. to produce sheet metal products. It can achieve high product accuracy and reduce development time. Can go directly from drawing to product paperless production. It is suitable for flexible production of small batches and multiple varieties.

Impact Kneading:

Technology for machining small to medium standard parts that do not require a chimney taper. It is easy to produce and can process parts with various wall thicknesses. The processing cost is low.​​

Powder metallurgy:

A technology that can process ferrous metal components as well as non-ferrous metal components. It includes two basic processes of mixing the alloy powder and pressing the mixture into the mold. Metal particles are sintered and formed by high temperature heating. This technology does not require machining, and the raw material utilization rate can reach 97%. Different metal powders can be used to fill different parts of the mold.

Solid Forming Processing

Solid molding processing:

Refers to the materials used are some metal strips, sheets and other solid shapes that can be shaped at room temperature. Attributable to labor-intensive production. The processing cost can be relatively low. Classification of solid molding processing

Spinning:

A very common machining method used to produce circular symmetrical parts such as saucers, cups and cones. During processing, the high-speed rotating metal plate is pushed close to the model on the fixed lathe that rotates at the same time to obtain a preset appearance. This technology is suitable for the production of various batch methods.​​

Twists and turns:

An economical production technology for sheet, rod and tubular materials for processing methods.​​

Consecutive forming:

The metal sheet is fed between the press rollers to obtain a metal profile with continuous length and uniform cross-section. Similar to the kneading technique, but with constraints on the wall thickness of the processing element, only a single wall thickness can be obtained. Only under the premise of a lot of production, the processing cost is only.​​

Stamping:

The metal sheet is placed between the male mold and the female mold and is formed by restricting it, which is used to process the hollow shape, and the depth can be deep or shallow.

Punching:

The technology of punching and cutting a certain shape on a metal sheet using a special tool is suitable for both large and small batch production.

Punching:

It is basically similar to punching technology, the difference is that the former uses some punching, while the latter uses punching to leave some metal pieces. Three aspects of punch automation in sheet metal automation processing are briefly discussed.​​

Cut:

Laser cutting the metal sheet with a shearing method is the same as using a pair of scissors to remove the paper from the position.

Chip forming:

When cutting metal, the cutting method that produces chips is collectively referred to as chip forming, including milling, drilling, lathe processing, grinding, sawing and other technologies.​​

Chip-free molding:

Precision sheet metal processing manufacturers use existing metal strips or metal sheets to shape. No chipping occurs. Such techniques include chemical machining, etching, electrical discharge machining, sandblasting, laser cutting, water jet cutting, and thermal cutting.

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